The month end close process is when companies check, adjust, and finalize their financial records for the month, officially wrapping up their books before the next accounting period begins.
Some say this process is just a time-consuming routine that slows everything down. However, skipping or rushing through it can lead to financial surprises, reporting errors, and compliance issues. Businesses rely on this process to stay on track and catch problems early on.
So, what’s the big deal about month end close, and why do companies stick with it?
Why the Month End Close Process Matters
A well-executed month end close process is essential for accurate financial reporting. Just as the year-end closing process ensures a company’s annual financial data is complete and compliant, the month end close keeps financial records consistent, reliable, and precise each month. Senior management can track progress and forecast cash flow with accurate reports.
To maintain high reporting standards, accounting teams must refine the month end close process by reducing inefficiencies and minimizing delays. Much like the year-end closing process, staying compliant with evolving regulations and leveraging advancements in accounting technology helps improve accuracy and efficiency.
Steps in the Month End Close Process
The month end closing process involves a structured series of steps to ensure accurate financial records to finalize financial data and preparing for the next accounting period.
Step 1 – Transfer Revenue to Income Summary
All revenue accounts, such as Sales Revenue or Service Revenue, are closed out by transferring their balances to a temporary account called Income Summary. This step consolidates all income earned during the month.
If a company records $100,000 in sales revenue and $5,000 in interest income, both amounts are moved to the Income Summary account, totaling $105,000 in revenue.
Step 2 – Transfer Expenses to Income Summary
All expense accounts, such as Salaries Expenses, Rent Expenses, and Utilities Expenses, are also closed into the Income Summary. Once this step is complete, the remaining balance in the Income Summary represents the company’s net income for the period.
If total expenses amount to $60,000 (including payroll, rent, and utilities), the net income in the Income Summary account would be $105,000 (total revenue) minus $60,000 (total expenses), leaving a balance of $45,000.
Step 3 – Transfer Income Summary to Retained Earnings
Since the Income Summary is a temporary account, its balance needs to be closed into Retained Earnings, which tracks the company’s cumulative profits over time. This step ensures that earnings from previous months are properly accounted for.
If the Income Summary shows a net income of $45,000, that amount is transferred to Retained Earnings, increasing the total retained balance for future business growth or reinvestment.
Step 4 – Transfer Dividends to Retained Earnings
If the company pays out dividends to shareholders or owners, those amounts are deducted from Retained Earnings to reflect the portion of profits distributed instead of reinvested.
If the company issues $10,000 in dividends, the Retained Earnings balance is reduced accordingly. After this adjustment, the retained earnings for the period would be $35,000 ($45,000 net income minus $10,000 in dividends).
Each of these steps ensures financial accuracy and helps businesses track profitability, prepare for future expenses, and maintain compliance with accounting standards.
Month End Close Process Overview
The closing process involves several steps that can vary from company to company, depending on the nature of their accounts and financial transactions. However, it generally follows these main activities, which can be outlined as follows:
1. Record
- Ensure all revenue and expense transactions are entered into the ERP system.
- Record accrued liabilities, such as payroll, employee vacation, interest on notes payable, and taxes.
- Review fixed assets and conduct an inventory count.
- Post journal entries for depreciation and amortization.
2. Close
- Reconcile cash, checking, savings, and credit card accounts, along with petty cash funds.
- Reconcile prepaid accounts to match recorded expenses.
- Verify intercompany accounts to ensure that payables and receivables align between related businesses.
3. Analyze
- Generate an adjusted trial balance, draft income statement, and balance sheet.
- Create A/R and A/P aging reports to track outstanding receivables and payables.
- Review financial analysis with stakeholders to ensure accuracy.
4. Report
- Prepare reports for management, financial planning and analysis (FP&A), and external regulatory bodies such as the SEC.
- Gather and organize documentation required for internal and external audits.
How to Handle the Month End Close Process
Closing the books at the end of the month is a core accounting task that ensures financial records accurately reflect a company’s performance. Closing a quarter follows the same process, creating a clear cutoff for transactions—anything recorded after the close belongs to the next period.
This process resets income statement accounts, allowing them to start fresh for the new month while rolling over retained earnings on the balance sheet.
Income statement accounts, like revenue and expenses, are temporary, meaning they only track activity for a set period (month, quarter, or year). Once that period ends, their balances move to retained earnings on the balance sheet, which holds long-term financial data.
The process involves four key steps:
| Steps | Action | Purpose |
| Step 1: Transfer Revenue to Income Summary | Move all revenue account balances into the Income Summary, a temporary account used during closing. | Consolidates revenue for the period before resetting income statement accounts. |
| Step 2: Transfer Expenses to Income Summary | Close all expense accounts into the Income Summary. | Determines the net income by offsetting revenue with expenses. |
| Step 3: Transfer Income Summary to Retained Earnings | Move the remaining balance from Income Summary to Retained Earnings. | Ensures net income carries over to long-term financial records. |
| Step 4: Transfer Dividends to Retained Earnings | Deduct any dividends paid to owners from Retained Earnings. | Reflects the portion of earnings distributed versus retained for future business needs. |
Common Challenges in the Month End Close Process
The month end close can be stressful, as teams juggle daily responsibilities while meeting closing deadlines. Common challenges include:
- Lack of clarity – Team members are unsure of their tasks and deadlines.
- Poor tracking – Managers don’t have real-time visibility into progress.
- Disorganized records – Supporting documents are scattered across emails, local drives, or poorly managed shared folders.
- Reconciliation errors – Manual updates in spreadsheets lead to discrepancies in the trial balance.
Addressing these issues with close management software can help create a smoother, faster, and more accurate process.
Best Practices for a Faster, More Efficient Month End Close
Improving the month end close process starts with smart planning and execution. Applying month end close best practices helps streamline tasks, reduce errors, and ensure a smoother workflow. Here are a few best practices:
- Set a Clear Goal – If your current process takes longer than 6.4 days, aim to reduce it by at least one day per cycle.
- Prioritize Accuracy Over Speed – Rushing the close can lead to errors or missed fraud indicators. Keep quality at the forefront.
- Hold a Pre-Close Meeting – Meet with your team to assign tasks, address potential bottlenecks, and refine the process.
- Leverage Automation – Accounting software can streamline reconciliations, calculations, and data collection, reducing manual effort.
Don’t Close Your Eyes When Closing the Books
The month end close process is the foundation of financial control, not just a mere routine. Rushing through it or skipping steps leads to reporting errors, cash flow surprises, and compliance risks. Automation and smart workflows cut out the guesswork, turning chaos into control. Instead of scrambling every month, set up a system that works for you—not against you. The stronger your close, the stronger your business.
